Here is a very general work-flow for using point cloud (structure from motion) or any 2D and 3D generating software with images from our cameras:

Step 1: If you captured images in RAW+JPG mode, you'll need to use the Process step of our MAPIR Camera Control (MCC) application to convert the images to TIFF.

Step 2: If you would like to perform reflectance calibration then in MCC choose the "Reflectance Calibration" options.

Step 3: Bring the images into your 2D/3D generation software and process them. For most of these software applications providing the software with good camera calibration values is recommended.

You can find some instructions here for Pix4D or Photoscan.

Survey3 can connect directly to a compatible flight controller to receive the GPS location data. This means you do not need to connect a GPS receiver to the camera and you can use the drone's GPS data. The drone's GPS information is typically corrected for altitude using a barometer, so it is more accurate than the Standard and Advanced GPS receivers for Survey3.

For the Cube flight controller there are two serial ports commonly used: Telem2 (serial 2) and GPS2 (serial 4).

Here are the parameters to change to allow NMEA pass-through from the Telem2 (serial 2) port:

1. set SERIAL2_PROTOCOL to 20 (turns on NMEA pass-through)

2. set SERIAL2_BAUD to 115 (baud rate)

Here are the parameters to change to allow NMEA pass-through from the GPS2 (serial 4) port:

1. set SERIAL4_PROTOCOL to 20 (turns on NMEA pass-through)

2. set SERIAL4_BAUD to 115 (baud rate)

You will want to connect the pin3 on the Survey3 GPS USB port to the MCU_TX pin on the flight controller's serial port:

Choosing a Lens Option for Survey3:

We offer 2 different lenses for the Survey3 cameras: Survey3W (Wide) and Survey3N (Narrow). The terms wide and narrow refer to the lens' angle of view.

If you are using a drone that already has a camera and you are using the Interval timer trigger to capture photos, then you probably want to choose the wider Survey3W models. For example, the default lens on most consumer DJI drones (Mavic, Phantom, Inspire) has a wide angle so you want to choose the wider Survey3W model to match.

If you are using the Interval timer mode then typically you'll want to choose the wider Survey3W. If you are directly triggering the camera via PWM then you can choose either model that suites your required ground resolution (GSD). It is best to add the Survey3 camera profile data to your mission planning application so that the survey passes have the recommended side overlap.

Choosing a Filter Option for Survey3:

We offer 6 different filters for the Survey3 cameras: OCN, RGN, NGB, RE, NIR and RGB. The filters capture 3 channels of light information as follows:

OCN Filter (Orange + Cyan + NIR):

Red Image Channel = Orange Light

Green Image Channel = Cyan (Blue/Green) Light

Blue Image Channel = NIR (Near Infrared) Light

The OCN filter is an improvement to our RGN as it provides increased contrast within vegetation and reduces soil noise. It is better to use the OCN if there is soil among your vegetation, and the RGN if the crop has more of a solid canopy (low number of soil pixels). It can be used with the NDVI index just like the RGN filter. Please read HERE for more information about its benefits over the RGN filter.  If you are looking for the best camera to buy to measure general plant health then the OCN models are your best option.

RGN Filter (Red + Green + NIR):

Red Image Channel = Red Light

Green Image Channel = Green Light

Blue Image Channel = NIR (Near Infrared) Light

The RGN filter is previously our most commonly purchased model mainly due to its ability to capture the Red and NIR wavelengths necessary for the popular NDVI index (see below for more information). NDVI is typically used as a general plant health and vigor index, basically it will show you what regions are healthiest compared to those areas that are not as healthy. Our new OCN filter typically provides better results which you can read about HERE in more details.

NGB Filter (NIR + Green + Blue):

Red Image Channel = NIR (Near Infrared) Light

Green Image Channel = Green Light

Blue Image Channel = Blue Light

The NGB filter is often times used for the ENDVI index, basically Enhanced NDVI. It takes the plant's green reflectance into account in determining plant health, instead of just using the reflected near infrared (NIR) light like the NDVI index uses. Some applications (like DroneDeploy for instance) don't allow you to compute ENDVI, so make sure to check which indices are supported. You can also compute the NDVI index using Blue vs NIR light, which may reveal different results compared to using the RGN camera. The best way to think about the difference between the RGN and NGB models is that most of the time the RGN model is the better choice, but the NGB model may show you something that the RGN cannot, so if your budget allows, using both cameras and comparing the results is recommended.

RedEdge Filter (RE):

Red Image Channel = RedEdge (725nm) Light

Green Image Channel = Not Used

Blue Image Channel = Not Used

The RedEdge filter is used to capture a single band of reflected light in the region known as the rededge. This region from about 700-800nm is where plants have varying reflectance which closely relates to their health. A plant reflecting more rededge light will typically be more healthy than a plant that is not. When processed with our MCC application, the output images will be a single image band, meaning black and white. A white pixel will be high rededge reflectance, and a black pixel low rededge reflectance. You can disregard the green and blue image channels as they will not contain useful data compared to the red channel.

Near Infrared Filter (NIR):

Red Image Channel = Near Infrared (850nm) Light

Green Image Channel = Not Used

Blue Image Channel = Not Used

The near infrared filter is used to capture a single band of reflected near infrared light. When processed with our MCC application, the output images will be a single image band, meaning black and white. A white pixel will be high NIR reflectance, and a black pixel low NIR reflectance. You can disregard the green and blue image channels as they will not contain useful data compared to the red channel.

RGB Filter (Red + Green + Blue):

Red Image Channel = Red Light

Green Image Channel = Green Light

Blue Image Channel = Blue Light

The RGB filter is the typical filter that is installed on most cameras, which captures color light just like our eyes see the world. RGB cameras are commonly used along with multispectral ones to provide a reference image to the viewer. This reference is often times necessary to relate what our eyes see to what a camera capable of capturing near infrared (NIR) light sees.

Multispectral Index Formulas

Once the images are captured by the OCN, RGN, NGB, RE and NIR model cameras they should be calibrated using our Calibration Target. Once calibrated the images can be stitched in the program of your choice, such as Pix4D, Agisoft, Drone Deploy, Agribotix, MapsMadeEasy, Simactive, Icaros etc. Or you can upload to our MAPIR Cloud directly from the camera without needing to process in MCC.

Many of these applications provide what is called a raster/index calculator, that performs math on the image's pixels. The pixel values that result after computing the index represent a pixel range dependent on the index and what it is calculating. Many programs make this calculation a one-button process, but let's explain it in a little more detail:

Let's use the RGN filter as an example and compute the popular NDVI index:

As you can see in the formula above the NDVI index uses the NIR and RED light. So for the RGN filter camera models, that would be the blue image channel (NIR) and the red image channel (RED). The processing program will take the pixel value in the red and blue image channels and plug it into the above equation. The resulting pixels will then all have a value ranging from -1 to +1. For plants, the NDVI values of the actual plants range from about 0.2 to 0.8. We then apply a color lut to the pixels so that our eyes can more easily interpret the data. The color lut is the green to yellow to red (high health to low health) colors you may have seen before. 

An important mention about reflectance calibration using our ground targets:

The pixel values mentioned above which tell you whether you're looking at healthy plants or say nearby dirt are affected by the calibration procedure. Without calibrating the images the resulting values will most often be negative, basically garbage values. The resulting color lut picture, often called the "pretty picture" may show a similar green to yellow to red map but without calibration you won't be able to compare the results from one field location to another, one ambient lighting condition to another, or essentially one moment in time to another (week to week, month to month, etc). Without calibration you aren't aligning the pixel data to a known standard, so the values aren't going to be comparable. For more information on reflectance calibration in MCC please see this page.

More accurate geolocation data is never a bad thing when it comes to getting the most accurate outputs from your captured images. That is why we have created this guide on how to setup a GPS other than the ones that come with the Survey3 cameras.

For Latitude and Longitude:

NMEA messages = $GPRMC or $GNRMC

Baud Rate: 115200

For Altitude:

NMEA messages = $GPGGA

Baud Rate: 115200

If you understand how to program your GPS to the above values, or your GPS already supports them then you can skip the below guide.

There are many options when it comes to choosing a GPS unit. For this guide we will cover how to setup a GPS containing a ublox chip.

1. Download and install u-center application from ublox website.

2. Using a UART to USB converter connect/solder the Power, TX, RX, Ground pins from your GPS to the UART end of the converter, and then connect to your computer via USB. HERE is an example of a UART to USB converter.

3. Launch u-connect. Most GPS default to a baud rate of 9600, so change the baud rate to that:

If your GPS uses a different baud rate, it's most likely 115200.

4.  Press the Connect button (outlined in red box below), choosing the COM port for the UART converter if necessary.

5.  Go to View at the top, then click Binary Console. If properly connected to the GPS you should see data scrolling up:

If you don't see information in the console, it's likely you have connected the TX and RX pins opposite either on your GPS or the UART converter. So swap those and see if that fixes the issue.

6. Open the Configuration Window by going to View > Configuration View at the top.

7. To enable the messages, click on NMEA in the left column. Make changes as the below photo shows, namely the Main Talker ID value to GP.

Press the Send button at the bottom of the Configure window.

8. To change the baudrate of the ublox chip click PRT (Ports) in the left column of the Configure Window. Change the Baudrate value to 115200. Press the Send button at the bottom of the Configure Window.

9. Click RATE in the left column of the Configuration Window. Edit the Measurement Period to 100ms. Click Send button at bottom of Configuration Window.

10. To save the changed values to the ublox chip go to Receiver > Action > Save Configuration.

One big thing to mention here is that many GPS receivers do not have a battery on board to allow you to save these changed values. So, you need to use a receiver that has a battery (or add one), otherwise you will need to contact the manufacturer of the GPS receiver to have them send you a custom firmware that has these changes already done (not likely to happen, but maybe they will). To test whether the changes are saved, disconnect the power to the GPS receiver, and reconnect to u-center. Open the Configuration Window and if the values you changed show up, then you're good.

11. That should be it to setup the GPS for the Survey3 camera. Now solder the Power, TX, and Ground pins from your GPS to a USB mini plug. The TX of the GPS goes to the UART_RX pin (pin 3, see diagram below) on the USB plug. If you're soldering to the USB plug/cable that comes with the standard Survey3 GPS the white wire should be the RX.

Once you plug the USB plug into the GPS USB plug on the side of the camera and power it on, you should see the red "GPS OK" text on the camera's back screen. Once the GPS has good 3D lock the camera will beep 6 times (3 pairs of tones) and the text will change green to "GPS Good". That's it, enjoy!

Agisoft Metashape/Photoscan does have camera profiles but it seems it's better to simply enter in some basic information and let the software calibrate it itself.

Under Tools > Camera Calibration, enter the values listed below the photo in the correct boxes:

All Models:

Set all camera parameters to fixed.

Turn off "Generic Pre-Selection" during the Align photos step.

Survey3W

Camera Type: Frame

Pixel size (mm): 0.00155 x 0.00155

Focal Length (mm): 3.37

Survey3N

Camera Type: Frame

Pixel size (mm): 0.00155 x 0.00155

Focal Length (mm): 8.25

Survey2 (All Models)

Camera Type: Frame

Pixel size (mm): 0.00134 x 0.00134

Focal Length (mm): 3.97

 This guide walks you through the 3DR SOLO hardware and software modifications required to trigger the Survey3/2 cameras from a PWM signal using the Survey3/2 HDMI Trigger Cable.

While easily reversible, the software changes to allow PWM triggering will not allow you to control the GoPro in the 3DR SOLO GoPro gimbal. You will still get live video feed, ability to tilt with the controller and powered stabilization but must start/stop the camera manually.

 Disclaimer: Proceed at your own risk, we are not liable for any damage you may cause to your SOLO or camera as a result of these instructions. If you follow everything correctly you will not cause any damage and can easily revert back to the original settings by doing a factory reset.

Step 1: Remove SOLO battery, slide off GPS cover, unscrew the 7 screws holding the battery tray.

Step 2: Cut servo plug off of the Survey3/2 HDMI Trigger Cable. Solder the white cable to PIN19 (PWM7) (orange wire location in below photo) and black cable to GND3 on the SOLO mainboard (brown wire location in below photo):

 BE VERY CAREFUL NOT TO BRIDGE ANY PINS WITH SOLDER!

Step 3: Power on SOLO and remote, connect your computer's wifi to the SOLO wifi (Sololink).

Step 4: Open Mission Planner and connect to SOLO (Auto or UDP 115200)

**DO NOT UPDATE FIRMWARE IF ASKED**

Step 5: Click "Config/Tuning" button at the top of screen. Click "Full Parameter List" on the left. In the search box on the right type "rc7_function". Double click the value box (0) and change to 10. Click "Write Parameter" on the right to save. Click "Flight Data" button at the top, then go back to "Config/Tuning" and "Full Parameter List", searching again for "rc7-function" and make sure the value says 10.

Step 6: At the top click the "Initial Setup" button, click "Optional Hardware" on the left, and then "Camera Gimbal". Change the values for the Shutter section according to the below values and then press ENTER on your keyboard:

RC7

Servo Limits:

Min 1000

Max 1900

Shutter:

Pushed: 2000

Not Pushed: 1000

Duration: 1

 Navigate to "Flight Data" and then back to "Initial Setup" > "Optional Hardware" > "Camera Gimbal" and verify all settings are exactly as the above photo.

Step 7: Turn Survey3/2 cameras on. Click side button (Settings), click front button and navigate to "Time Lapse" and press top button until it reads OFF. Do this for all cameras you want to trigger via PWM.

Step 8: Plug HDMI trigger cable wired to SOLO into the Survey3/2 cameras.

Step 9: Back in Mission Planner go to "Flight Data" screen, right click with mouse anywhere on the map, choose "Trigger Camera NOW" test camera trigger. If the camera(s) does not trigger then you will need to factory reset the SOLO and redo the above steps in Mission Planner.

Step 10: Mission complete... safe flying! :)

 This guide walks you through the hardware and software modifications required to trigger the Survey3/2 cameras from a PWM signal using the Survey3/2 HDMI Trigger Cable.

 Disclaimer: Proceed at your own risk, we are not liable for any damage you may cause to your UAV or camera as a result of these instructions. If you follow everything correctly you will not cause any damage and can easily revert back to the original settings by doing a factory reset.

Step 1: Insert servo plug from HDMI trigger cable into Pixhawk AUX PWM port of your choice (typically the second slot, RC10 port). Make sure the white cable is in the bottom PWM signal row of pins just like the below photo:

Step 3: Connect Pixhawk to your computer using USB cable. Open Mission Planner and click Connect button at top right.

Step 4: Click "Config/Tuning" button at the top of screen. Click "Full Parameter List" on the left. In the search box on the right type "rc7_function". Confirm the value is 0.

Step 5: At the top click the "Initial Setup" button, click "Optional Hardware" on the left, and then "Camera Gimbal". Change the values for the Shutter section according to the below values and then press ENTER on your keyboard:

RC10

Servo Limits:

Min 1000

Max 2000

Shutter:

Pushed: 2000

Not Pushed: 1000

Duration: 1

 Navigate to "Flight Data" and then back to "Initial Setup" > "Optional Hardware" > "Camera Gimbal" and verify all settings are exactly as the above photo.

Step 6: Turn Survey3 camera on. Choose Photo setting icon in bottom right corner of rear LCD screen. Drag until you see Interval option and change to OFF. Do this for all cameras you want to trigger via PWM.

Step 7: Plug HDMI trigger cable wired to Pixhawk into the Survey3 cameras.

Step 8: Back in Mission Planner go to "Flight Data" screen, right click with mouse anywhere on the map, choose "Trigger Camera NOW" test camera trigger. If the camera(s) does not trigger then you may need to do a factory reset on the Pixhawk and redo the above steps in Mission Planner.

Step 9: Mission complete... safe flying! :)

Pix4D should have built in support for our MAPIR cameras, but sometimes you may need to improve the results. You can follow the below steps to add your own camera profile to the camera database:

Camera Profiles:

Kernel 1 - 3.2MP - 9.6mm Lens

Kernel 1 - 3.2MP - 3.5mm Lens

Survey3W - Visible Light (RGB)

Survey3W - OCN

Survey3W - RGN

Survey3W - NGB

Survey3W - RE

Survey3W - NIR

Survey3N - Visible Light (RGB)

Survey3N - OCN

Survey3N - RGN

Survey3N - NGB

Survey3N - NIR

Survey3N - RE

Survey2 - Visible Light (RGB)

Survey2 - NDVI (Red+NIR)

Survey2 - Infrared Light

Survey2 - Red Light

Survey2 - Green Light

Survey2 - Blue Light

Survey1 - Visible Light (RGB)

Survey1 - NDVI (Blue+NIR)

Steps to Add Custom Camera Profiles:

1. With Pix4D open go to Help -> Settings -> Camera Database tab -> Export
2. Save the camera database xml file somewhere on your computer.
3. Open the xml file in a text editor like Notepad (should be able to just double-click to open, otherwise open your text editor and drag the file into the open editor window, File -> Open)
4. Download the camera profile that corresponds to your modified camera.
5. Open the xml camera profile in your text editor
6. Copy the text from the <camera> to the </camera>
7. On the camera database file that is open in your editor, paste the copied text after one of the other </camera> lines. If no </camera> lines exist, copy it after the <vendorId value="pix4d"/> line and before the </cameraModelDB> line.
8. Save the camera database xml file
9. Go to Help -> Settings -> Camera Database tab -> Import
10. Select the modified camera database file
11. Start a new project or open an existing one.
12. Click the Camera icon (Image Properties Editor) at the top left of the main window. If this is a new project, go to the next step.
13. Click the "View..." button under the "Selected Camera Model" section.
14. Click the drop-down from the "Camera Model Name" and select the profile you have added, which should have a "user" icon (upper half of a person profile icon).
15. Select the "OK" button at the bottom and run your project.

Any questions please let us know.

Click the below links to learn how to geo-reference your images:

How-To GPS Tag Images Using GeoSetter and a Columbus V-990 External GPS Logger

How-To GPS Tag Images Using Mission Planner and Log Files

Also, we have a more thorough video that shows you how to do it here: